Nazism And World War II Essays - Adolf Hitler, Nazi Germany

Nazism and World War II The National Socialist German Workers' Party nearly passed on one morning in 1919. It numbered just two or three dozen murmurers' it had no association and no political thoughts. Be that as it may, numerous among the white collar class appreciated the Nazis' strong resistance to the Social Democrats. What's more, the Nazis topics of nationalism and militarism drew exceptionally enthusiastic reactions from individuals who couldn't overlook Germany's prewar magnificent glory. In the national appointment of September 1930, the Nazis accumulated almost 6.5 million votes and turned out to be second just to the Social Democrats as the most famous gathering in Germany. In Northeim, where in 1928 Nazi up-and-comers had gotten 123 votes, they currently surveyed 1,742, a decent 28 percent of the aggregate. The across the country achievement drew even quicker... in only three years, party enrollment would ascend from about 100,000 to just about a million, and the quantity of neighborhood offices would increment ten times. The new individuals included common laborers individuals, ranchers, and white collar class experts. They were both better taught and more youthful then the Old Fighters, who had been the spine of the gathering during its first decade. The Nazis currently introduced themselves as the gathering of the youthful, the solid, and the unadulterated, in resistance to a foundation populated by the older, the frail, and the wicked. Hitler was conceived in a humble community in Austria in 1889. As a little youngster, he indicated little desire. In the wake of dropping out of high school, he moved to Vienna to consider workmanship, yet he was denied the opportunity to join Vienna institute of expressive arts. When WWI broke out, Hitler joined Kaiser Wilhelmer's military as a Corporal. He was not an individual critical. He was an animal of a Germany made by WWI, and his conduct was formed by that war what's more, its outcomes. He had risen up out of Austria with numerous biases, including an incredible preference against Jews. Once more, he was a result of his occasions... for some Austrians and Germans were preferential against the Jews. For Hitler's situation the preference had become deranged it was a prevailing power in his private and political characters. Against Semitism was not an arrangement for Adolf Hitler- - it was religion. Furthermore, in the Germany of the 1920s, dazed by rout, and the desolates of the Versailles arrangement, it was not difficult for a pioneer to persuade millions that one component of the country's general public was liable for the vast majority of the shades of malice stored upon it. The truth of the matter is that Hitler's enemy of Semitism was self-incurred obstruction to his political achievement. The Jews, as other Germans, were stunned by the disclosure that the war had not been battled to an ezdstill, as they were persuaded in November 1918, in any case, that Germany had , indeed, been vanquished and was to be treated as a vanquished nation. Had Hitler not set out on his arrangement of disestablishing the Jews as Germans, and later of eradicating them in Europe, he could have depended on their devotion. There is no explanation to think whatever else. On the night of November 8, 1923, Wyuke Vavaruab State Cinnussuiber Gustav Rutter von Kahr was making a political discourse in Munich's rambling B?rgerbr?ukeller, around 600 Nazis and conservative supporters encompassed the brew corridor. Hitler burst into the structure and jumped onto a table, wielding a gun and shooting a fired into the roof. ?The National Upheaval,? he cried, ?has started!? By then, educated that battling had broken out in another piece of the city, Hitler hurried to that scene. His detainees were permitted to leave, and they discussed sorting out protections against the Nazi upset. Hitler was obviously angry. What's more, he was a long way from wrapped up. At around 11 o'clock on the morning of November 9- - the commemoration of the establishing of the German Republic in 1919- - 3,000 Hitler partisans again accumulated outside the B?rgerbr?ukeller. Right up 'til today, nobody realizes who discharged the main shot. Be that as it may, a shot rang out, and it was trailed by fusillades from the two sides. Hermann G?ring fell injured in the thigh and the two legs. Hitler straightened himself against the asphalt; he was safe. General Ludenorff kept on walking indifferently toward the police line, which separated to let him go through (he was later captured, attempted and vindicated). Behind

Is the New SAT Harder 6 Challenging Changes

Is the New SAT Harder 6 Challenging Changes SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Huge changes are going to the SAT in 2016, however the impact they'll have on the understudy experience is begging to be proven wrong. Is the new SAT harder?It's difficult to tell without a doubt with no information on new score designs. Meanwhile, we can make a couple of expectations for how the progressions to the organization and substance of the test could build its trouble. In this article, I'll give you a diagram of the progressions to the test, show a few factors that may make it all the more testing, and propose study systems for understudies who may battle on the new SAT. Review of Changes for the New SAT You should know some important foundation data before we plunge into the reasons the test may be more challenging.Here’s a rundown of changes you can expect on the new SAT.For more subtleties, look at this article. In general Format: The new SAT will be out of 1600 focuses rather than 2400 focuses. The Reading and Writing (which is currently called Writing and Language) segments will be compacted into one area worth 800 focuses (Math will in any case have its own segment). There will be four answer decisions for each question rather than five. There are just four areas in addition to the exposition, like the structure of the ACT (Reading, Writing and Language, Math with no number cruncher, and Math with an adding machine). Perusing: There will be no more sentence fulfillment questions (all inquiries are section based)! A few inquiries will pose to you to distinguish literary proof for your responses to past inquiries. You'll see information translation addresses that will request that you read diagrams and charts that identify with the entries. Composing and Language: All inquiries will be founded on longer entries instead of individual sentences. Composing style (section structure, making consistent contentions) will be a higher priority than it was on the old test. You'll see a couple of information understanding inquiries on this segment too. Exposition: It's going to be discretionary! You'll get 50 minutes rather than 25 You should dissect a contention that you read in an entry instead of composing a genuine belief based reaction to a brief. Your article score won’t sway your Reading and Writing score. Math: There will be some trigonometry on the test. A few issues will have more than one section. There's a no mini-computer area. Questions will manage certifiable situations all the more as often as possible, and there will be less â€Å"tricky† questions. Ooh such a large number of sparkly new changes! For what reason Might It Be Harder? Here are a couple of reasons why I figure the new SAT could be more diligently as a rule. You Can’t Memorize Vocabulary for Points One of the significant changes on the new SAT is that there are no more sentence fulfillment questions.The College Board is attempting to de-accentuate information on darken jargon words on the test.Many of these words are not pertinent to understudies after secondary school, and there have been claims that the old sentence finish addresses favor wealthier students.On the new SAT, you will see jargon in setting questions instead of sentence culmination questions.These questions will allude to a word in the section and request that you pick the appropriate response that speaks to its most exact definition given the specific situation. With this new arrangement, retaining arrangements of SAT words won’t help you much.You’ll need to have solid in general perusing appreciation aptitudes to comprehend subtleties in the meanings of increasingly normal words.It’s harder to read for these inquiries than it may be to read for sentence fulfillment questions on the grounds that the abilities you need are typically obtained after some time through autonomous perusing instead of by examining vocab cheat sheets. Domino Effect on Reading Questions Another new component on the Reading segment is the consideration of â€Å"find the evidence† questions.You’ll get an inquiry concerning a perusing section that expects you to make a gathered conclusion.Then, the following inquiry will pose to you to pick the proof that you utilized for your answer.You’ll have a decision of four distinct statements from the entry. I portray this as a â€Å"domino effect† in such a case that you get the primary inquiry wrong (or can’t choose an answer), you’ll most likely get the subsequent one wrong too.Even on the off chance that you get the main inquiry right, you probably won't have the option to pinpoint the statement that fits best as evidence.Since one inquiry depends on the other, it’s simple for things to get untidy. I'm introducing this perspective on the circumstance since this article is about how the test may be more earnestly. In any case, it's additionally conceivable that these kinds of inquiries will make things simpler for you. Seeing potential direct proof for your answer may commit you understand an error on the past inquiry and really help to improve your score. I believe all things considered, this will adjust the issue. Noooo thin bare Pillsbury Doughboy! What have you done?! Additional Reading Overall The new SAT includes significantly more perusing than the current (prospective old) SAT.All the Reading questions depend on passages.Even the Writing addresses will reference portions of entries as opposed to detached sentences.The article additionally includes all the more perusing in light of the fact that you’re requested to dissect a contention made in an entry as opposed to simply perusing a short brief and reacting to it. Less Room for Subjectivity and Variation on the Essay The article is changing a great deal on the new form of the test.Whereas before you needed to shape a feeling and make up your own models, presently you will be approached to investigate an author’s contention. This will make for stricter evaluating measures and less adaptability in general.On the new article, there will be quite clear right and off base reactions. Information Interpretation Questions The new SAT will have charts on the Reading and Writing segments! The horror!This really isn’t so terrible, however it’s not the same as anything the College Board has done on the test in the past.These new sorts of inquiries could be mistaking or trying for certain understudies who aren’t open to reaching inferences in this specific situation (or have stayed away from the ACT due to the Science area!). Further developed Math and Writing Content Math issues will get somewhat more inside and out with the consideration of word issues that have more than one section in the lattice in section.Higher-level ideas will be tried, including a light sprinkling of essential trigonometry. The Writing area will likewise test a more extensive assortment of ideas that might be all the more testing. The old Writing area fundamentally centered around syntactic guidelines, though the new SAT Writing segment will pose more inquiries about elaborate decisions inside long passages.For model, inquiries will pose to you to figure out where a sentence has a place coherently in a section. Fortunately, just Writing style matters on the new SAT, not fashion style. You can wear a burlap sack to the test though I couldn't care less (however I wouldn't suggest it; that stuff is distractingly bothersome). Will It Be Harder for You? How Might You Prepare? It relies somewhat upon what sort of understudy you are.I’ll experience a couple of various characteristics that may make understudies battle on the new test and give prep techniques to assist you with combatting these issues. Case #1: You Tend to Rely on Memorization Like I said in the past area, remembering jargon words won’t help you much on the new SAT. In the event that you’re an extremely serious studier and were planning to pro the Reading segment dependent on retention aptitudes, you may make them trouble.understanding significance in setting will be a basic expertise, so on-the-spot expository reasoning is a higher priority than recollecting the word reference meaning of â€Å"obsequious.† You should in any case realize what servile methods, however, in light of the fact that it's a great word, and it depicts many individuals. Study Strategies: Practice with entry based questions.The best solution for this issue is to get increasingly alright with responding to the kinds of inquiries that are hard for you.Although there are restricted practice assets for the new SAT, section put together inquiries with respect to the old SAT will in any case be useful to you for this reason. You can likewise work on perusing appreciation in your day by day life.Set aside time each day to peruse a few testing articles online.Learning through experience is the most effortless approach to fabricate better perusing cognizance aptitudes. Case #2: You’re a Slow Reader The new SAT will have much more perusing than the present variant, which implies that time issues are bound to happen.All inquiries in both the Reading and Writing divides are dependent on entries as opposed to individual sentences.If you experienced difficulty with time on the Reading area previously, the new test may wind up being harder. Study Strategies: Once more, I’d suggest saving more opportunity for autonomous reading.You can likewise attempt to develop your speed by taking practice tests.The key is to begin planning early with the goal that you have the opportunity to improve; perusing rapidly and thoroughly is an expertise that you won’t learn for the time being. You can likewise rehearse with the ACT English and Reading sections.ACT English is fundamentally the same as the new SAT Writing area on the grounds that it’s all dependent on passages.It's a smart thought to look at certain procedures for ACT English that will give you better approaches to move toward this new format.ACT Reading is truly not quite the same as SAT Reading regarding what the inquiries resemble, however in the event that you’re simply attempting to improve your understanding pace, you should time yourself and attempt to finish the segment. Case #3: You’re Less Confident in Math and Science The new SAT will test marginally further developed ideas in Math, and it will likewise incorporate a touch of information interpretation.If the Math area is the most unnerving piece of th

Watch video, answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Watch video, answer question - Essay Example When people had the rich spots, they picked to settle to the detriment of itinerant life. As per Guilaine, the tracker gatherers needed to battle to protect the regions that had a lot of fish, creatures, and plants (Treetrunks). The guarding of the domain delineated indications of stationary life. Rivalry for the best regions started battles. Additionally, Bar-Yosef calls attention to the limitation of development, particularly in Asia incited people to embrace a stationary life. The Fertile Crescent affected people to embrace an inactive life as a result of its richness. Quite, the strip was rich and grain, just as, wheat developed normally (Treetrunks). The traveling tracker gatherers understood the spot offered a perpetual settlement, and therefore chose to settle. Obviously, the nearness of the stonewalled cottages demonstrated that individuals had picked to live in the Fertile Crescent and begin training harvests and creatures. Henceforth, the strip was livable, and bolstered the development of changeless habitations. Towns began to develop, and people received stationary life. The primary towns involved the tracker gatherers who had propelled aptitudes. Guilaine contends that individuals living in the main towns exhibited a move in deduction and energetic want to grasp change (Treetrunks). As a result, the high learned limits constrained the individuals to change their lifestyle. The towns are significant in light of the fact that history specialists battle that they were the center points of farming after the revelation of seeds. Agribusiness advanced inactive life, and the towns planted grain and wheat as wellsprings of food. Bar-Yosef contends that the residents misused the wheat and grain and created methods for making bread (Treetrunks). Consequently, the primary towns were noteworthy in advancing the training of

11 Body Language Mistakes Youre Making in Your Interview

11 Body Language Mistakes Youre Making in Your Interview We’re all apprehensive going into prospective employee meet-ups. What's more, a ton of times anxiety has an amusing method of crawling into our non-verbal communication in manners we don’t expect. Inconvenience is, questioners aren’t anxious, so every non-verbal communication tactless act is substantially more glaring to them. Here are 11â body language mistakesâ to keep an eye out for while preparing for your interview.1. Lip bitingAn on edge propensity that can be perused as an indication of trickery or even as a lewd gesture. Avoid!2. Quick Head MovementThis is straight out of the set up rundown of things to keep an eye out for in liars. Attempt to keep your head still when being posed an inquiry, and not move it promptly after.3. Mouth CoveringThis can pass on your hesitance to respond to the inquiry. Do whatever it takes not to cover your mouth except if you wheeze or hack, in any event while you’re in the hot seat.4. StiffnessAt a similar time, att empt to abstain from being excessively still. You’ll look somewhat cumbersome, constrained, or even as if you’re attempting to overcompensate for your unscrupulousness with your tranquility. Act natural!5. PointingWe all motion. What's more, that’s fine-common even. Be that as it may, pointing, particularly straightforwardly or forcefully, is frequently viewed as impolite or deflective.6. Covering UpIf you will in general spread defenseless or delicate body parts when you’re anxious, this is a propensity to keep an eye out for. Regardless of whether it’s common to feel helpless, you should make an effort not to show it too unmistakably. You don’t need to be seen as having anything to hide.7. Uneven Eye ContactIt’s vital to keep up a fitting degree of eye to eye connection not all that much (unusual) and not very little (conniving/obscure). Attempt to find some kind of harmony and keep away from limits in either direction.8. Microexpre ssionsIf you’re inclined to these brief instant appearances or moment little eye moves, best to attempt to hold them in line, in case your questioner see and misunderstand the idea.9. Counterfeit SmilesBetter not to grin large and beautiful in the event that you can’t do it without seeming fake. On the off chance that you can’t make your entire face look cheerful, not simply your grin, at that point individuals will see and accept you’re brimming with it. Be as real and positive as possible.10. Physical BarriersDon’t place physical barricades among you and your questioner for example your handbag, a menu, your telephone, your jacket. Stay open. On the off chance that you don’t, your questioner may accept you’re attempting to stay away for whatever reason.11. Shallow BreathsTry to keep your breathing quiet and even. Substantial, shallow breaths are frequently credited as a run of the mill conduct of liars. Don’t get lumped into that class as a result of nerves!

DSM-5 Criteria for Diagnosing Panic Disorder

DSM-5 Criteria for Diagnosing Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Diagnosis Print DSM-5 Criteria for Diagnosing Panic Disorder By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 07, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 07, 2019 Sturti / istock More in Panic Disorder Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is DSM-5? DSM-5/Panic Disorder Defining Panic Attacks Agoraphobia Professional Diagnosis View All Back To Top Panic disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder in DSM-5. According to the guidelines, in order to be diagnosed with a panic disorder, you must experience unexpected panic attacks on a regular basis. What else does DSM-5 say about a  panic disorder? How does the way its diagnosed in DSM-5 compare to the previous edition of the manual? Among the updates are clarification on the types of panic attacks and how agoraphobia is associated with panic disorder. What Is DSM-5? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the system used in the United States to diagnose mental health disorders. The DSM contains diagnostic criteria used by mental health professionals to classify and describe every mental illness. The 2013 release of DSM-5 is the first significant update since 1994. In this edition, many changes were made and this includes some updates to the diagnosis of panic disorder. This system is not without controversy. Many disorders have overlapping symptoms. Some professionals question the validity of this type of  classification system, while others feel there is a great deal of subjectivity in its application.?? Despite these reservations, a diagnosis is often necessary for treatment, research, and insurance reimbursement. Many professionals feel that this system is far better than no system at all. How DSM-5 Diagnoses a Panic Disorder The  diagnostic criteria for panic disorder  are  defined in the DSM-5. It is an anxiety disorder  based primarily on the occurrence of panic attacks, which are recurrent and often unexpected.?? In addition, at least one attack is followed by one month or more of the person fearing that they will have more attacks. This causes them to change their behavior, which  often includes avoiding situations that might induce an attack.?? Its important to note that a panic disorder diagnosis must rule out other potential causes for the panic attack or what feels like one.?? The attacks are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (such as  drug use or a medication) or a general medical condition.The attacks are not better accounted for by another  mental disorder. These may include a  social phobia  or another  specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder,  post-traumatic stress disorder,  or  separation anxiety disorder How to Tell If Panicky Symptoms Are a Sign of Disorder Defining Panic Attacks Since panic attacks  are key to a panic disorder diagnosis, they are well defined and rather specific. This is where the updates in DSM-5 are significant. The previous version classified panic attacks into three categories:  situationally bound/cued, situationally predisposed, or unexpected/uncued. DSM-5 simplifies it into two very clear categories: expected and unexpected panic attacks.?? Expected panic attacks are those associated with a specific fear like that of flying. Unexpected panic attacks have no apparent trigger or cue and may appear to occur out of the blue. According to DSM-5, a panic attack is characterized by four or more of the following symptoms:?? Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rateSweatingTrembling or shakingSensations of shortness of breath or smotheringA feeling of chokingChest pain or discomfortNausea or abdominal distressFeeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faintFeelings of unreality (derealization) or being detached from oneself (depersonalization)Fear of losing control or going crazyFear of dyingNumbness or tingling sensations (paresthesias)Chills or hot flushes The presence of fewer than four of the above symptoms may be considered a limited-symptom panic attack. Agoraphobia Now Stands Alone From Panic Disorder In previous versions of DSM, agoraphobia  was associated with panic disorder. With the updates of DSM-5, it is now a separate and codable diagnosis. This is one of the biggest differences in the updates. Within the update to agoraphobia, DSM-5 notes that a person must experience intense fear or anxiety in a minimum of two situations. These include being out in public, open spaces, and in crowds, essentially anywhere in which youre outside of the home. It also notes that avoidance behaviors must be exhibited. These are a result of the fear of being in situations that may induce panic attacks or anxiety in which help may not be available or that its difficult to flee. Only a Professional Can Diagnose Panic Disorder It is important to know that the symptoms of panic disorder may mimic many other anxiety disorders and/or medical conditions. Only your doctor or mental health professional can diagnose panic disorder. Panic Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF When seeking professional help in order to evaluate your symptoms and potentially reach a diagnosis, remember that honesty is key. You may even see one therapist and decide youd like to see a different one instead. Remember to do what you are comfortable with. Although it may feel difficult at first to discuss your feelings, remember that your doctor is there to help you and that speaking openly about your condition is the first step toward managing your symptoms in a healthy way. What Is the Biological Cause of Panic Disorder?

Joie de Vivre Hospitality - 1100 Words

Joie de Vivre Hospitality (Essay Sample) Content: Joie de Vivre Hospitality Name of Student Institution affiliation Joie de Vivre Hospitality In any business, new firms do take the route taken by the incumbent. Contrary to that, Joie de Vivre Hospitality never adopted the usual ways of surviving in the competitive hospitality business. Quite amazing, Chip Conley had something different in terms of innovation that would later place the firm to the top level where it belongs. The question many would keep on asking is how he did what he did. The fact remains that strategic innovation and deepened ideas played the greatest role in making it happen for Joie de Vivre hotels, boutiques, and spas in California. How Joie de Vivre Hospitality firm Differ from Other Competitors Chip Conley had the information that a strategy can be different from what is expected and still work out. Most if not all firms in hospitality industry are driven by the profits. However, according to Reuen (2009), Chip went against the odds by considering other priorities prior to considering the profits. He did a lot in developing a strong and a lasting culture that would drive the company forward with lots of ease with time. He spent much effort in empowering the employees, provision of top value to customer, and enhancement of leadership. Not so many CEOs would employ such a strategy especially in the profit-driven field of hospitality. Therefore, having done things differently, Joie de Vivre differed and still differs with other firms in the same business category. While formulating the best applicable strategy for the firm, the founder had in mind the danger associated with profit maximization strategy. Most companies operate on the basis of profit objective that can be both misleading and dangerous (Sherida , 2001). Having known those, Chip Conley managed to deviate and go for customer objective that has since made the firm have a good face and name among the many more competing firms. Therefore, the difference begins from the strategy formulation to the actual operations that include the quality of service delivery to the customers. The Human Resource Management practices applicable to JDVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s success. Keeping Talent on Standby Most firms would ignore most talents by only hiring the persons with the needed qualifications and ignoring the rest. However, the best strategy is to identify the useful talents, nurture them, and keeping them standby for ease of access when need arises. Investing in developing the employees Investing in the employees is advantageous and is a strategy that would make the firm reaps the benefits. The benefits associated with this strategy are not a onetime reward but a long term one. In a conducive working environment within a success-oriented company, the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ value should appreciate consistently. Sponsoring the employees for further trainings, organizing seminars, and covering certification fees are among the best to consider in accomplishing this. Being very keen with Onboard It is needful to shape the employees...

Desayunar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation and Examples

The Spanish verb  desayunar  means to eat breakfast. It is a regular -ar  verb like  necesitar  and ayudar. The tables below include the conjugations for  desayunar  in the present, past and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative, and other verb forms. Using the Verb Desayunar The verb desayunar is formed with the prefix  des-,  which implies negation, like  the English prefix dis-, and the word ayunar,  which means to fast. Therefore,  desayunar is similar to the English word  breakfast,  which implies breaking the fast.   Other verbs like  desayunar  are  almorzar,  which means to eat lunch, and cenar, which means to eat dinner. Unlike in English, for these actions in Spanish there is no need to use the verb to eat, since the verbs themselves already mean to eat breakfast, lunch, or dinner.   You can use the verb  desayunar  whenever you would say to eat breakfast or have breakfast in English. It can be used to talk about when, where, or with whom you eat breakfast, as in  Me gusta desayunar temprano  (I like to eat breakfast early) or  Ella siempre desayuna con su madre  (She always eats breakfast with her mother), and it can be used to talk about what you eat for breakfast, as in  Tà º desayunas cereal  (You eat cereal for breakfast). Desayunar Present Indicative Yo desayuno I eat breakfast Yo desayuno antes de ir al trabajo. T desayunas You eat breakfast T desayunas huevos con pan. Usted/l/ella desayuna You/he/she eats breakfast Ella desayuna con su familia. Nosotros desayunamos We eat breakfast Nosotros desayunamos muy temprano. Vosotros desayunis You eat breakfast Vosotros desayunis en casa. Ustedes/ellos/ellas desayunan You/they eat breakfast Ellos desayunan cereal con leche. Desayunar Preterite  Indicative The two past tense forms in Spanish are the  preterite  and the  imperfect. Use the preterite when talking about actions that were completed in the past. Yo desayun I ate breakfast Yo desayun antes de ir al trabajo. T desayunaste You ate breakfast T desayunaste huevos con pan. Usted/l/ella desayun You/he/she ate breakfast Ella desayun con su familia. Nosotros desayunamos We ate breakfast Nosotros desayunamos muy temprano. Vosotros desayunasteis You ate breakfast Vosotros desayunasteis en casa. Ustedes/ellos/ellas desayunaron You/they ate breakfast Ellos desayunaron cereal con leche. Desayunar Imperfect  Indicative The imperfect tense can be translated to English as was eating breakfast or used to eat breakfast.  You should use it to talk about ongoing actions in the past. Yo desayunaba I used to eat breakfast Yo desayunaba antes de ir al trabajo. T desayunabas You used to eat breakfast T desayunabas huevos con pan. Usted/l/ella desayunaba You/he/she used to eat breakfast Ella desayunaba con su familia. Nosotros desayunbamos We used to eat breakfast Nosotros desayunbamos muy temprano. Vosotros desayunabais You used to eat breakfast Vosotros desayunabais en casa. Ustedes/ellos/ellas desayunaban You/they used to eat breakfast Ellos desayunaban cereal con leche. Desayunar Future  Indicative Yo desayunar I will eat breakfast Yo desayunar antes de ir al trabajo. T desayunars You will eat breakfast T desayunars huevos con pan. Usted/l/ella desayunar You/he/she will eat breakfast Ella desayunar con su familia. Nosotros desayunaremos We will eat breakfast Nosotros desayunaremos muy temprano. Vosotros desayunaris You will eat breakfast Vosotros desayunaris en casa. Ustedes/ellos/ellas desayunarn You/they will eat breakfast Ellos desayunarn cereal con leche. Desayunar Periphrastic Future Yo voy a desayunar I am going to eat breakfast Yo voy a desayunar antes de ir al trabajo. T vas a desayunar You are going to eat breakfast T vas a desayunar huevos con pan. Usted/l/ella va a desayunar You/he/she is going to eat breakfast Ella va a desayunar con su familia. Nosotros vamos a desayunar We are going to eat breakfast Nosotros vamos a desayunar muy temprano. Vosotros vais a desayunar You are going to eat breakfast Vosotros vais a desayunar en casa. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a desayunar You/they are going to eat breakfast Ellos van a desayunar cereal con leche. Desayunar Conditional  Indicative Yo desayunara I would eat breakfast Yo desayunara antes de ir al trabajo. T desayunaras You would eat breakfast T desayunaras huevos con pan. Usted/l/ella desayunara You/he/she would eat breakfast Ella desayunara con su familia. Nosotros desayunaramos We would eat breakfast Nosotros desayunaramos muy temprano. Vosotros desayunarais You would eat breakfast Vosotros desayunarais en casa. Ustedes/ellos/ellas desayunaran You/they would eat breakfast Ellos desayunaran cereal con leche. Desayunar Present Progressive/Gerund Form The present  participle, or gerund  of  -ar  verbs is formed with the ending -ando. It can be used to form  progressive verb forms  such as the  present progressive. Present Progressive of  Desayunar   està ¡ desayunando  She is eating breakfast   Ella està ¡ desayunando con su familia. Desayunar Past Participle The  past participle of regular  -ar  verbs is formed with the ending -ado. It can be used to form  compound tenses  like the  present perfect. Present Perfect of  Desayunar   ha desayunado  She has eaten breakfast   Ella ha desayunado con su familia.   Desayunar Present Subjunctive Que yo desayune That I eat breakfast Ana espera que yo desayune antes de ir al trabajo. Que t desayunes That you eat breakfast Pedro espera que t desayunes huevos con pan. Que usted/l/ella desayune That you/he/she eat breakfast dgar espera que ella desayune con su familia. Que nosotros desayunemos That we eat breakfast Paula espera que nosotros desayunemos muy temprano. Que vosotros desayunis That you eat breakfast Daro espera que vosotros desayunis en casa. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas desayunen That you/they eat breakfast Marla espera que ellos desayunen cereal con leche. Desayunar Imperfect  Subjunctive The  imperfect subjunctive  has two different conjugations, which are used in different Spanish-speaking regions.  Both options are equally valid. Option 1 Que yo desayunara That I ate breakfast Ana esperaba que yo desayunara antes de ir al trabajo. Que t desayunaras That you ate breakfast Pedro esperaba que t desayunaras huevos con pan. Que usted/l/ella desayunara That you/he/she ate breakfast dgar esperaba que ella desayunara con su familia. Que nosotros desayunramos That we ate breakfast Paula esperaba que nosotros desayunramos muy temprano. Que vosotros desayunarais That you ate breakfast Daro esperaba que vosotros desayunarais en casa. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas desayunaran That you/they ate breakfast Marla esperaba que ellos desayunaran cereal con leche. Option 2 Que yo desayunase That I ate breakfast Ana esperaba que yo desayunase antes de ir al trabajo. Que t desayunases That you ate breakfast Pedro esperaba que t desayunases huevos con pan. Que usted/l/ella desayunase That you/he/she ate breakfast dgar esperaba que ella desayunase con su familia. Que nosotros desayunsemos That we ate breakfast Paula esperaba que nosotros desayunsemos muy temprano. Que vosotros desayunaseis That you ate breakfast Daro esperaba que vosotros desayunaseis en casa. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas desayunasen That you/they ate breakfast Marla esperaba que ellos desayunasen cereal con leche. Desayunar Imperative   In order to give direct orders or commands, you need the  imperative  mood. Below are both the affirmative and negative commands for desayunar. Notice that there are differences between the two types of commands for the  tà ºÃ‚  and  vosotros  forms. Positive Commands T desayuna Eat breakfast! Desayuna huevos con pan! Usted desayune Eat breakfast! Desayune con su familia! Nosotros desayunemos Lets eat breakfast! Desayunemos temprano! Vosotros desayunad Eat breakfast! Desayunad en casa! Ustedes desayunen Eat breakfast! Desayunen cereal con leche! Negative Commands T no desayunes Dont eat breakfast! No desayunes huevos con pan! Usted no desayune Dont eat breakfast! No desayune con su familia! Nosotros no desayunemos Lets not eat breakfast! No desayunemos temprano! Vosotros no desayunis Dont eat breakfast! No desayunis en casa! Ustedes no desayunen Dont eat breakfast! No desayunen cereal con leche!

Eggplant The Universally Flattering Color for Every Woman

Eggplant is a Universally Flattering Color for Every Woman This season, we dare you to be fearless by adding some bold pops of color to your wardrobe. This is the perfect moment to brighten up and broaden your color pairing options since the latest trends embrace deep, daring hues. Of all the color trends this season, we easily fell in love with the rich, royal tones of purple, from amethyst to plum to lavender. The new Fresh Produce Eggplant Collection celebrates the earthy tones of this comforting vegetable, which stars in such hearty dishes as ratatouille, moussaka and parmigiana. Fresh Produce now carries more than 100 women’s clothing items in various purple-inspired hues, from a pinstripe vintage cardigan and comfortably stylish flutter dress in eggplant to a Boca pencil skirt in lilac and a soothing soy candle made from lavender and thyme. Enhance Every Skin Tone with Eggplant The combination of warm red and cool blue undertones in eggplant are flattering to nearly every complexion. This shade of purple is both boisterous and soothing, giving fair skin a healthy glow and enriching dark skin with an aura of elegance. â€Å"Eggplant is the perfect purple because it is extremely versatile, almost like a black, dark brown or navy,† notes Leatrice Eiseman, director of the Pantone Color Institute, in an article with Real Simple. Because of this warm-cool combo, more women are also able to pull off jewel tone purples. Lighter pastels and shocking neons run the risk of

Why Some Things Should Not Be For Sale - 855 Words

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College Women Stop Getting Drunk and College Men Stop...

Sexual assault encompasses the criminal act of rape; however it seems as if many relative cases spawn from various alcohol encounters. In Emily Yoffe’s article â€Å"College Women Stop Getting Drunk,† she links both victim and perpetrator to alcohol. How can this cause be changed? Performing rape accidentally, or knowingly I do agree with Yoffe’s statement â€Å"Let’s be totally clear: Perpetrators are the ones responsible for committing their crimes.† In Yoffe’s article she covers both the perpetrator as well as the victim, though spending more time on the latter. I feel that perhaps an understanding of whether it really is a majority rule, where rapists are surveying the streets preying on unsuspecting women. According to Amanda Hess’s†¦show more content†¦Colleges are supposed to be places where young people learn to be responsible for themselves.† I find this slightly out of place, as haven’t students always been taught that learning environments should be safe? 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Innovative marketing strategies Free Essays

It was not another mundane day of my life as everything seemed bright and gay that day. When I woke up, the dazzling rays of sun were sending the divine blessing in my room. I was not tired mentally and psychologically as I used to be at the threshold of each new day previously. We will write a custom essay sample on Innovative marketing strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was my first day at work after promotion. When I reached office, every face was glowing with mirth and joy. The colors of the building were shining vibrantly. I wondered whether it was really true or was a mere reflection of inner self and satisfaction. Whatever the case was, I felt that Life had some worth and world was too better a place to live ad enjoy. My ecstasy coupled with promotional fulfillment capacitated me to think of deliver according to my high professional caliber. Innovative marketing strategies, patterns and procedures to develop new products, cost effective, time management, all these were in my mind when I heard the tone of the phone bell, ringing continuously. I thought it be another time-wasting congratulatory call from my friends. With a sense of pride I received the phone but there was a strange voice giving me a strange message. My previous state of ecstasy faded soon and an air of melancholy pervaded over me. The colors of the walls were no more bright, the time on the wall-clock in front of desk was blurred. I told my boss that I am laving but I don’t remember what reason I told him for leaving so early. His face was full of astonishment and. I passed the lobby and found every one suffering from strange pathos and miseries. There was not a tinge of happiness on their faces. Truth came to me at-once that this is the ultimate reality of life. I refused to believe it. My mind failed to swallow the news. I was not myself. I found her lying on the bed as stiff as steel and as cold as ice. Slowly the ice in my mind started melting and the painful truth started dawning on me. I realized that she is no more with me alive. That she is dead. I started becoming disillusioned about everything. I found myself face to face with the eternal realities of this earth. That death is the only thing in life that is absolutely certain. Sweeping reforms and far reaching revolutions may take place in society, but death, will remain. Science may learn the art of prolonging the individual human life far, far beyond the century mark, but ultimately death must and will come. This being so, one should have thought that human beings would, through sheer familiarity, become so used to this event that they would hardly think about it, emotionally, philosophically or poetically. My mother’s death made me realized that try as we may, we cannot summon back from the past those rare remembered joys that lifted us on high. Time is irreversible, and one minute gone is as completely irretrievable as a day or a year. It is not only the fleetingness of single moment that makes us sensitive to the sting of transience. Months, years, decades, whole lives seem to pass with the same uncanny swiftness. Almost before we know it the cold gray season of death is upon us. These are hard truths that I started understanding. The true comprehension of death never made me recover from the shock of my beloved mother’s death. It haunts me hitherto. My grief made me completely lost my poise and become almost insane. The world, it appeared to me, had raised a sting for me, and I knew not where to descend. I seemed to waver and quiver and threatened to burst into flames. I wanted to remain unseen, unnoticed and always felt that people were pointing at me. At odds with the world, I remained lost in my thoughts, sojourning in other-worldly regions, unmindful of what happened around me. I started feeling like a hollow man in a possibly hollow universe. Life loses all its meanings for me. I found myself like a square peg in a round hole. The death of my mother made me stand face to face with the greatest mystery of all times. The grief that this event brought with it and the comprehension of this eternal truth completely destabilized my whole existence. Â   How to cite Innovative marketing strategies, Essays

GRI The Sustainability Reporting standards †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the GRI The Sustainability Reporting standards. Answer: Introduction: The sustainability-reporting standard designed by GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) is used by the organizations who intend to prepare sustainability report for evaluating the impact of their operations on environment, economy and society. This particular assignment deals with the preparation of sustainability assessment report of a privatized land development company named Timbermberwell Construction by referring to the consolidated set of GRI reporting standards 2016. Timbermberwell Construction is residential development company that is entitled to construct apartment complexes in Stanwell Complex district. Economic sustainability of organization has been addressed by providing a specific disclosure concerning corruption, climate change and anti competitive behavior. Environmental sustainability is explained in relation to disclosure of bio diversity, energy consumptions and non-compliance with regulations and laws (Aguilera et al. 2015). Furthermore, assessment of social sustaina bility is done in relation to discrimination, attrition and community engagement. Economic sustainability Disclosures under the assessment of economic sustainability are used by organization for reporting the impact of their operations in relation to economy. GRO 201 sets out the reporting requirement in relation to the economic performance for organization of any size, location and operating sector. As per the disclosure of 201-2, reporting organization is required to report the information relating to the opportunities and risk due to climatic changes and leads to substantive change in revenue, operations and expenditures. It incorporates description of opportunities and risks along with their classification and its associated impact (Buhr et al. 2014). Moreover, financial implications of such opportunity and risk and methods used to manage such risks. From the case study, it can be seen that a case was filed by one of the former employee of Timbermberwell concerning their incompliance with environmental standard. Operations of company have hampered flora and fauna attributes and have critically endangered coastal grassland of ecological community. It is required by Construction Company to report and prepare the timeline for developing necessary system to calculate financial implications of risks of climatic change resulting from their activities. Moreover, there should be a classification of opportunities and risks attributable from climatic change. In order to address the challenges arising from climatic conditions, Timbermberwell should make use of method such as venting, flaring and fugitive reduction of emission, carbon capture and storage and renewable energy certificates (McCahery et al. 2016). Disclosure 205-3 deals with confirming of involvement of organization in corruption and taking actions accordingly. Organization complying with the standard is required to disclose the information about total number of confirmed corruption incidents (Junior et al. 2014). Incidents regarding the dismissal of employees for corruption should also be disclosed. Any legal cases filed against the company regarding corruption during the reporting period should be disclosed. It is in the interest of stakeholders to have acquaintance with the number of incidence and response of organization towards such incidences. Analysis of case study depicts that employees of Timbermberwell were involved in corruption scandal of bribing council project officers for pushing the applications through the approval process of council for promoting development of company. All such external consultants and employees involved in the corruption were suspended. The company also terminated the partnership contracts with the external consultants (McAlister et al. 2016). As per this particular disclosure, Timbermberwell is also required to make disclosure of terminated contracts. Disclosure 206-1 sets out reporting requirement for organizations relating to anti competitive behavior, monopoly practices and antitrust. Reporting entities are required to make disclosure of the information concerning total number of legal actions that are pending or have been completed during the reporting period relating to the violation of antitrust, identification of monopoly legislation and anti competitive behavior (Fernandez et al. 2014). As depicted in the case study, Timbermberwell was alleged by ACCC (Australian competition and consumer commission) for engaging in the activities of preventing new entrant in Stanwell district in the development market with the intention of reducing the competition in market. The case has been filed in the court and Timbermberwell construction will be called for hearing after four months. In this particular regard, it is required by the company to report the legal actions that are pending regarding the monopoly legislation. Outcome of such legal actions are also required to be disclosed in the sustainability assessment report. Environmental sustainability Disclosure 3012-1 relates to consumption of energy within organization. Information that reporting organization is required to disclose on their sustainability report involves to the consumption of fuel from renewable and non-renewable sources in relation to types of fuels used and in joules or multiples (Lewellyn et al. 2016). Moreover, information relating to total consumption of energy and sources of conversion factors should also be used. The calculation tools, methodologies, assumptions and standards are also to be reported by the organization. Double counting of fuel consumption should be avoided while compiling of information. Consumption of fuel from both renewable as well as non-renewable sources should be presented separately. Disclosure of data should be consistently deal done in line with the conversion factors application (Du Plessis et al. 2018). Approach of organization when using any particular methodology should also be depicted. Media release by Timbermberwell construction demonstrating it as energy efficient organization attached the energy consumption table. There was a clear depiction of usage of calculation tools that is prescribed by Australian department of Science and Industry. Furthermore, it was also explained that a program has been raised by organization for increasing use of fuel consumption from non-renewable sources of energy (Tricker and Tricker 2015). Therefore, it can be inferred from this discussion that Construction Company is complying with this particular disclosure requirement. Disclosure 304-2 deals with the considerable impact of products, activities and services of organization on biodiversity. The significant impact of activities such as construction, transport, infrastructure and mine and its impact on biodiversity should be reported. Direct and indirect positive and negative impact with reference to extent of areas affected, species affected, reversibility and irreversibility of impacts and duration of impacts should be disclosed. Supply chain of company might be impacted by indirect impacts of biodiversity. Organizations complying with this disclosure will have an understanding of strategy for mitigating direct and indirect impact on biodiversity. The operations of Timbermberwell construction has adverse impact on endangered ecological community. For the construction of complexes, organization has cleared area that contained an important attributes of flora and fauna. However, they received an order for the implementation of rehabilitation plan as said in the audit programs for contractors. Disclosure 307-1 deals with non-compliance of organization with the environmental regulations and laws. This particular disclosure requires entities to report the information relating to non-compliance of organization with rules and regulations pertaining to environment and sanction of any non-monetary and significant fines for not complying with the environmental regulations and rules. This disclosure should be done in terms of total number on non-monetary transactions, significant fines monetary value and cases that are brought against the mechanisms of dispute resolution. Organizations are required to make brief statement in case there has not been any identification of non-compliance with the rules and regulation of environment. When organizations fail to comply with the rules and regulations of environment, reporting entity should incorporate judicial and administrative sanctions when the specific information is to be complied. This would incorporate national, regional, local and sub national regulations, conventions, international declarations and treaty. Any voluntary agreements of environments that are developed as substitute of new regulations implementation with regulating authorities should also be considered. Other cases against the organization through national and international dispute mechanisms supervised by authorities of government should also be complied within the disclosed information (Bilbao et al. 218). From the evaluation of the case study, it has been ascertained that Timberwell construction has not complied with the environmental regulations. Their activities of clearing the acre of land for constructing the complexes have led to endangering of ecological community. When an organization does not comply with the environmental rules and regulations, it is indicative of the fact thatmanagement ability ensures the confirmation of operations to parameters of certain parameters (Cuomo et al. 2016). However, in certain circumstances and situations, not complying with such regulations can lead to clean up of environmental liabilities that are costly. Social sustainability: Disclosure 401-1 is about the disclosure of information relating to employee turnover and new employee hire. Information that are required to be reported by organization in relation to this disclosure is total rate and number of employee turnover and total rate and number of newly hired employees by gender, religion and age during the reporting period. For the computation of rate of employee turnover and new employee hires, organization should take into account total number of employees at the end of reporting year. It is depicted in the case study that seventeen employees of Timberwell construction have left either for the establishment of their own business or for working for rival company. It can be regarded as higher employee turnover resulting from dissatisfaction and uncertainty among employees. Higher employee turnover can have considerable impact on the productivity of organization. In relation to hiring of new employees, organization should make the implementation of disclosure of recruitment practices (Kiron and Kruschwitz 2015). Disclosure 406-1 deals with the discrimination incidents and corrective actions that should be taken by organization. Organization is required to disclose the information relating to total number of discriminated incidents along with incidents status and actions taken relating to remediation of plans, reviewed incidents and incidents that are not accountable for actions. One of the employees of Timberwell construction was discriminated by co-workers and he was the target of humiliation. Employee filed a workplace harassment claim in the fair Work commission organization received an order updating anti discrimination policy and accordingly providing training to employees. Therefore, in accordance with this disclosure, Timberwell is required to disclose the reviewing of complain that has been lodged in the fair Work commission. Moreover, the actions taken such as updating of anti discrimination policy, which is remediation plan in the process of internal reviewmanagement should also be disclosed in the reporting standard (Grushina 2017). Disclosure 413-1 deals with the operation of organization by engaging local communities, developing programs and assessing the impacts. Organization adhering to this particular disclosure requirement need to report the assessment of social and environmental impact and ongoing monitoring. Development programs of local community based on needs of local communities along with the grievance process of formal local community should also be disclosed (Grushina 2017). According to this disclosure, Timberwell is required to consider the differentiated nature of local communities and taking specific actions for the identification of vulnerable groups. For ensuring effective participation of vulnerable groups, organization is required to make the implementation of differentiated measures (Schneider and Scherer 2015). An organization can use number of tools for engaging communities including the assessment of human and social rights. A diverse set of approaches for properly identifying community characteristics and stakeholders should be undertaken. Timberwell should take measures for reducing the adverse impact of their operations environment and accordingly managing the impacts and compensating local communities. This incorporates several issues such as socio economic status, gender, age and specific vulnerabilities concerning human health (Crane and Matten 2016). Therefore, Timberwell is required to assess the impact of its activities on communitie s and development and implementation of program. Conclusion: From the analysis of case study, it is ascertained that Timberwell construction has not adhered to the reporting standard that has led to declining its performance and increase attrition rate. In order to prepare the sustainability report of organization, it is required comply with several disclosures of the reporting standards of Global reporting initiative. The ongoing cases against the company concerning corruptions, anti discrimination laws and violation of environmental regulations and the actions that are taken against them should form a part of their sustainability report. This particular assessment has focus on material topics that is affecting the organization. The current scenario of Timberwell Construction requires it to adhere to the several economic, environmental and social disclosure requirements that lead to an overall improvement in sustainability position. References: Aguilera, R.V., Desender, K., Bednar, M.K. and Lee, J.H., 2015. Connecting the dots: Bringing external corporate governance into the corporate governance puzzle. The Academy ofManagement Annals, 9(1), pp.483-573. ArAs, G., 2016. A handbook of corporate governance and social responsibility. CRC Press. Bilbao-Terol, A., Arenas-Parra, M., Caal-Fernndez, V. and Obam-Eyang, P.N., 2018. Multi-criteria analysis of the GRI sustainability reports: an application to Socially Responsible Investment. Journal of the Operational Research Society, pp.1-23. Buhr, N., Gray, R. and Milne, M.J., 2014. Histories, rationales, voluntary standards and future prospects for sustainability reporting. J. Bebbington, J. Unerman and B. ODwyer, eds, pp.51-71. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016. Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Cuomo, F., Mallin, C. and Zattoni, A., 2016. Corporate governance codes: A review and research agenda. Corporate governance: an international review, 24(3), pp.222-241 Du Plessis, J.J., Hargovan, A. and Harris, J., 2018. Principles of contemporary corporate governance. Cambridge University Pr Fernandez-Feijoo, B., Romero, S. and Ruiz, S., 2014. Effect of stakeholders pressure on transparency of sustainability reports within the GRI framework. Journal of business ethics, 122(1), pp.53-63. Grushina, S.V., 2017. Collaboration by design: Stakeholder engagement in GRI sustainability reporting guidelines. Organization Environment, 30(4), pp.366-385. Junior, R.M., Best, P.J. and Cotter, J., 2014. Sustainability reporting and assurance: A historical analysis on a world-wide phenomenon.Journal of Business Ethics,120(1), pp.1-11. Kiron, D. and Kruschwitz, N., 2015. Sustainability reporting as a tool for better risk management. MIT Sloan Management Review, 56(4). Lewellyn, P.G. and Logsdon, J.M., 2016, July. How Sustainability Reporting Is Maturing: A Preliminary Assessment of the Impact of GRIs G4 Guidelines. In Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society (Vol. 27, pp. 122-132). McAlister, D.T., Marcos, S. and Ferrell, O.C., 2016. Corporate governance and ethical leadership. Business Ethics: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders, p.56. McCahery, J.A., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T., 2016. Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors. The Journal of Finance, 71(6), pp.2905-2932. Schneider, A. and Scherer, A.G., 2015. Corporate governance in a risk society. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(2), pp.309-323. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015. Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA.

The negative effects of cartoons characters Essays - Brothers Grimm

The negative effects of cartoons characters The characters in cartoons affect the children negatively.Studies show that cartoons,which are based on fighting,jumping,kicking,killing etc., are watched by children .Moreover they may not be able to differentiate the real life.For example,in England a girl was four years old who was affected by favorite cartoon character,Go Diego Go,and she want to swing like this character.She fastened with her hairband and transmitted to her neck.After all she died by drowning.Such as when jerry is fighting with Tom kids like it.Then tehy like Spiderman who can jump from here and there,and also climb any high wall, which is very risk for children .Bec ause sometimes to become a Spiderman kids jump from a high palce like from a chair or bed which is very bad and sometimes they get hurt.Moreover these cartoons characters cause malnutrition.According to research conducted in England some cartoons characters affect negatively children?s nutrition.For example Shrek,Bratz;Simpsons and Pink Panther are used on the package of greasy ,candied,salty etc. Foods.By this way these foods are attracted attention of children and so they want to eat these foods.In conclusion the children imitate cartoons characters and also they are affected badly them.these characters have not positive impact on children.

Nova Placement Test Essay Sample

Nova Placement Test Essay SampleNova Placement Test Essay Sample provides a platform for students who are aspiring to be employed in the development industry. The test is conducted to prepare the students for job interviews and professional interviews and can be used as a part of the Resume development process. While these tests are costly, it provides ample opportunities for the students to earn a certificate or degree after passing the test.Students are supposed to write essays about their experiences in the field of a particular industry after researching what that industry has to offer, how they managed to make a name for themselves in this field, and why their potential employers were impressed with their performance. It is a good idea to know your desired career path and include that information in your essay.There are many online websites that provide assignments on the website, which is called the Nova Placement Test Essay Sample. You can also look at the free sample. There a re very simple tests that are organized into single and multiple choice format. Some of the online sites will provide you with the instructions and have tips regarding the test.This is a great opportunity for you to learn more about the different companies that offer the Nova Placement Test Essay Sample, to determine the types of jobs available for each company, and to find out the best positions for yourself. This website is a great source of information.The Nova Placement Test Essay Sample is created by the Harvard Graduate School of Education and has been used as a basis for past Masters in Education. It is a complex multiple choice and essay-type exam. It includes topics that include interviewing, human resources, finances, ethics, leadership, writing skills, marketing, computers, as well as attention to quality and accountability.To help students prepare for the test, the test is divided into several parts. Each section comprises a quiz which is filled out prior to reading the full test.Before taking the test, it is imperative that you know the possible answers to the questions so that you do not need to revisit the same questions on the test. In other words, do not copy and paste answers from other sources. Some students may require more time to finish the test and will want to take it at the end of the term.If you have taken the Nova Placement Test Essay Sample in the past, do not be discouraged because your chances of being selected to be part of this program are greater than before. A graduate program in education would normally be a four-year program. If you are interested in a certain type of industry, you could end up going to school in such fields.

My Sisters Keeper Book Club Discussion Questions

My Sister's Keeper Book Club Discussion Questions My Sisters Keeper by Jodi Picoult presents a lot of questions for book clubs to discuss. These book club discussion questions on My Sisters Keeper will allow your book club to delve into the issues Picoult raises about family, science and doing the right thing in a hard situation. Book Club Discussion Questions  for My Sisters Keeper Spoiler warning: These book club discussion questions reveal important details about My Sisters Keeper by Jodi Picoult. (Finish the book before reading on!) Reread the prologue to My Sisters Keeper. Who is speaking? Is that who you thought was speaking the first time you read it?My Sisters Keeper is told from many different viewpoints. Why do you think Jodi Picoult wrote it this way? How did hearing from each character change your opinions of them and of the situation?Do you think Sara is a good mother? Do you sympathize with her? How does her martyrdom affect the rest of the family?Discuss the consequences of the trial other than the ruling. In what ways does it force people to deal with issues in their relationships? Sara and Brian? Anna and her parents? Julia and Campbell?Why does Jesse burn things? Is Jesse the opposite of his firefighter father or are they similar? In what ways?Discuss the ways each family member copes with their situation. How are each of their identities affected by Kate? How does this affect Kate?Why did Kate ask Anna to sue for medical emancipation? Was Anna right to listen to her wishes?Do you think it is ethic al to have a designer baby like Anna was? The epilogue talks about how the family moved on. How did they grieve? How did they survive? In what ways did Anna give life back to all of them, not just Kate?Rate My Sisters Keeper on a scale of 1 to 5.

The Feminist Pro-Woman Line

The Feminist Pro-Woman Line The Pro-Woman Line refers to the idea introduced by 1960s radical feminists that women should not be blamed for their own oppression. The Pro-Woman Line evolved out of consciousness-raising and became a significant part of the Womens Liberation movement. The Pro-Woman Argument The Pro-Woman Line sought to explain contradictory behavior. For example, feminists applied it to makeup and other beauty standards. The anti-woman argument was that women participate in their own oppression by wearing makeup, uncomfortable clothes, girdles, or high-heeled shoes. The Pro-Woman Line said that women are not at fault; they just do what they need to do in a world that creates impossible beauty standards. If women are treated better when they wear makeup, and are told they look sick when not wearing makeup, a woman who wears makeup to work does not create her own oppression. She is doing what society requires of her to succeed. During the 1968 Miss America Protest instigated by New York Radical Women, some protesters criticized the female contestants for participating in the pageant. According to the Pro-Woman Line, the contestants should not be criticized, but the society that put them in that situation should be criticized. However, the Pro-Woman Line also argues that women do resist negative portrayals and oppressive standards. In fact, the Womens Liberation Movement was a way to unite women in a struggle they were already fighting individually. The Pro-Woman Line in Feminist Theory Some radical feminist groups had disagreements about feminist theory. Redstockings, formed in 1969 by Shulamith Firestone and Ellen Willis, took the Pro-Woman stance that women must not be blamed for their oppression. Redstockings members asserted that women did not need to change themselves, but to change men. Other feminist groups criticized the Pro-Woman Line for being too simplistic and not leading to change. If womens behaviors were accepted as a necessary response to oppressive society, how would women ever change those behaviors? The Pro-Woman Line theory criticizes the prevailing myth that women are somehow lesser people than men, or that women are weaker and more emotional. Feminist critical thinker Carol Hanisch wrote that women are messed over, not messed up. Women have to make less-than-ideal choices to survive in an oppressive society. According to the Pro-Woman Line, it is not acceptable to criticize women for their survival strategies.

Stem Cell Research Legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stem Cell Research Legislation - Essay Example The Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act, aside from its ability to establish potential information for the benefit of the Americans, was hoping from the start to receive financial support from the government, and consensus votes among the legislators in both Congress and Senate (US Congress, 2010, p.9967). However, the Congressional Bill, Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act, vetoed by Bush administration, was highlighting scientific progress which would be under constraint through living up to ethical responsibilities (Rimmer, 2008, p.258). Under this point, stem cell research has difficulty finding funding support from the Federal Government, which leads to varying scrutiny from the point of view of the scientific community. Recently, the stem cell research is heading forward to human embryonic stem cells by viable preimplantation embryos through in vitro fertilization. However, it is not only in the US this substantially receives rejection leading to highly controlled legislative reg ulation, but including in some European countries like Austria, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, and Slovakia, primarily due to controversial ethical concerns associated with it (Atala, Lanza, Thomson & Nerem, 2010, p.215). However, some countries especially India, Israel, Singapore, China, Australia, Italy, Sweden, United Kingdom and other European countries have already implemented liberal and research-favorable regulatory policies associated with stem cell research (James, 2009, p.6). Unlike the US which is currently struggling to draft regulatory policies, these countries are remarkably looking forward to investigate and know more about the health benefits and great promises of stem cell technology for the humanity. Understanding this will eventually lead someone to think the prevailing legislative state of affairs going on in the US with stem cell research. In addition, some concern on this issue would be in line with knowing where the law on stem cells in th e US is heading in the future considering its highly conservative effort on this matter. As already stated, the prevailing state of affairs concerning stem cell research in the US is quite politically motivated from the point of view of scientific community. However, the federal government on the other hand just like with the stand of Bush administration, would want to emphasize the great influence of science and technology on the humanity together with its huge ethical concerns. In line with this concern, the Obama administration is also considering substantial restriction concerning legislative regulation for stem cells technology and research (Atala, Lanza, Thomson & Nerem, 2010, p.215). From the stand point of scientific community, the restrictions on legislative regulation hinder stem cells researchers to optimize better understanding on stem cells’ potential advantage for the humanity. However, it is clear that the law on stem cells in the US is heading to major progres sion. Just this year, Texas Board approves rules on use of stem cells (Park, 2012). However, there is a great controversy that proliferates upon the emancipation of this ruling. The rules include the use of adult stem cells. However, the great issue of concern at this point is on the safety of using adult stem cells, which at this point has not yet been proven feasible and safe (Park, 2012). So the real issue has

Strategic Retail Management in Competitive Environment Essay

Strategic Retail Management in Competitive Environment - Essay Example Perception of many people from brand name has moved towards product quality cost and service delivered (Experian, 2011). This has motivated several new retailers to enter into the already competitive market. This has raised survival issues for many new and old retailers, and demands for new strategies and activities to sustain their position in the market (Experian, 2011). The culture of buying has shifted largely towards online viewing and ordering. People visiting the store are easy to urge towards company’s product, and they are the ones who gives the company greater revenue than the online buyers (Experian, 2011). However, this ratio has also taken a 180 degree change in many of the top retail stores, including the ones discuss in this paper, where online buyers makes around 80% of the total income of the company (Experian, 2011). 1. Competitive Environment of UK Retail Industry The retail sector of UK is the only largest private recruiter because it employs around three m illion people. This sector covers a prominent percentage of employment in UK because more than half of the UK population work part time in retail stores. The retail industry of UK is immensely supportive for the economy of the region as it generates abundance of revenue to sustain the economical position of UK. Therefore, the in order to evaluate the environment of this sector Porter’s five forces analysis and PEST analysis of the industry are being done (Obitz, 2009). Porter’s Five Forces Analysis of UK Luxury Retail Sector The analysis of the retail industry of UK is significant for accomplishing the purpose of the paper. Therefore, when it comes to analyze the competitive environment of any industry, Porter’s Five Forces Model appears covering all the areas required for evaluating a competitive environment. i. Threats of Substitute The threat for substitute products in the luxury retail market of UK is quite low as non-food items sold by luxury retailers do n ot have major substitutes. This is due to the fact that buyers purchase luxury items as a result of their perceived luxury associated with their purchases and therefore they do not substitute these products. The threat of substitute is not apparent and the actual threat is only limited to the pricing offered by different retailers for similar products (Nwankwo & Gbadamosi, 2011). ii. Threats of New Entrants In the luxury retail side of the market, there are lower threats of the new entrants in the industry. This is due to the high level of barriers for developing brand and then high level of investment is required for developing brand recognition and its positioning in the luxury brand market. It is difficult for new market entrants to offer product differentiation in the cloth retailing and also change buyers’ attitude which keeps them loyal to already existing luxury brands. Moreover, it has been noted in the luxury retail market that existing brands place barriers for the new entrants by increasing their marketing activities and also undertaking other initiatives that could

Practices of Agile Methods in Project Management

Practices of Agile Methods in Project Management Abstract This paper describes the practices of agile methods from the viewpoint of project management. The project management techniques are complex processes that require the understanding and coordination of several domains of knowledge. As more and more software projects engage Agile Methods, there are emerging patterns of success and failure. With growing adoption of Agile Methods, project managers increasingly need to understand the applicability to their projects and factors that drive key project performance characteristics. Agile Methods have advantages, especially in accommodating change due to volatile requirements. However, they also present concomitant risks with managing the many dependent pieces of work distributed across a large project. The paper is divided into four parts. In the first part an overview of the project management and its processes and knowledge areas discussed. after that the agile methods discussed following with a short history of RAD(We should mention that just three most used and famous methodologies are discussed). In the second part the project management approaches and a brief definition of each approach are given. In the third part we looked at the agile methodologies from project management areas view such as cost, time, quality and risk management and we compared agile methodologies and we explained their advantages and disadvantages. In the fourth part we discussed about combination of agile methodologies and their utilization in large and complex projects. And finally we propose our own idea about the future of project management in agile methods. Keywords Project Management, Rapid Development Methodologies, Agile Project Management, History of RAD, Project management approaches, Agile Performance Measurement, Investment and Risk, Agile Enterprise Framework, Agile Methodology Fit Introduction What is Project? A human activity that achieves a clear objective against a time scale A project is a one-shot, time-limited, goal-directed, major undertaking, requiring the commitment of varied skills and resources. A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. A project is temporary in that there is a defined start (the decision to proceed) and a defined end (the achievement of the goals and objectives). Ongoing business or maintenance operations are not projects. Energy conservation projects and process improvement efforts that result in better business processes or more efficient operations can be defined as projects. Projects usually include constraints and risks regarding cost, schedule or performance outcome. What is Project Management? Many have attempted to define project management. One example, Oisen,3 referencing views from the 1950s, may have been one of the early attempts. Project Management is the application of a collection of tools and techniques (such as the CPM and matrix organization) to direct the use of diverse resources toward the accomplishment of a unique, complex, one-time task within time, cost and quality constraints. Each task requires a particular mix of theses tools and techniques structured to fit the task environment and life cycle (from conception to completion) of the task. Notice in the definition are included some the success criteria, The Iron triangle. Those criteria for measuring success included in the description used by Oisen3 continue to be used to describe project management today. The British Standard for project management BS60794 1996 defined project management as: The planning, monitoring and control of all aspects of a project and the motivation of all those involved in it to achieve the project objectives on time and to the specified cost, quality and performance. The UK Association of project Management (APM) have produced a UK Body of Knowledge UK (BoK)5 which also provides a definition for project management as: The planning, organization, monitoring and control of all aspects of a project and the motivation of all involved to achieve the project objectives safely and within agreed time, cost and performance criteria. The project manager is the single point of responsibility for achieving this. Other definitions have been offered, Reiss6 suggests a project is a human activity that achieves a clear objective against a time scale, and to achieve this while pointing out that a simple description is not possible, suggests project management is a combination of management and planning and the management of change. Locks7 view was that project management had evolved in order to plan, co-ordinate and control the complex and diverse activities of modern industrial and commercial projects, while Burke8 considers project management to be a specialized management technique, to plan and control projects under a strong single point of responsibility. While some different suggestions about what is project management have been made, the criteria for success, namely cost, time and quality remain and are included in the actual description. Could this mean that the example given to define project management Oisen3 was either correct, or as a discipline, project management has not really changed or developed the success measurement criteria in almost 50 years. Project management is a learning profession. Based upon past mistakes and believed best practice, standards such as BS 60794 and the UK Body of Knowledge5 continue to be developed. But defining project management is difficult, Wirth,9 indicated the differences in content between six countries own versions of BoKs. Turner10 provided a consolidated matrix to help understand and moderate different attempts to describe project management, including the assessment. Turner10 further suggested that project management could be described as: the art and science of converting vision into reality. Note the criteria against which project management is measured is not included in that description. Is there a paradox however in even attempting to define project management? Can a subject which deals with a unique, one-off complex task as suggested as early as Oisen3 be defined? Perhaps project management is simply an evolving phenomena, which will remain vague enough to be non-definable, a flexible attribute which could be a strength. The significant point is that while the factors have developed and been adopted, changes to the success criteria have been suggested but remain unchanged. Could the link be, that project management continues to fail because, included in the definition are a limited set of criteria for measuring success, cost, time and quality, which even if these criteria are achieved simply demonstrate the chance of matching two best guesses and a phenomena correctly. Prior to some undergraduate lectures and workshops about project management, the students were asked to locate some secondary literature describing project management and produce their own definition. While there were some innovative ideas, the overriding responses included the success criteria of cost, time and quality within the definition. If this is the perception about project management we wish those about to work in the profession to have, the rhetoric over the years has worked. Has this ho wever been the problem to realizing more successful projects? To date, project management has had the success criteria focused upon the delivery stage, up to implementation. Reinforced by the very description we have continued to use to define the profession. The focus has been to judge whether the project was done right. Doing something right may result in a project which was implemented on time, within cost and to some quality parameters requested, but which is not used by the customers, not liked by the sponsors and does not seem to provide either improved effectiveness or efficiency for the organization, is this successful project management? Project Management Life Cycle The process flow of Project management processes is shown below. The various elements of project management life cycle are Need identification Initiation Planning Executing Controlling Closing out a) Need Identification The first step in the project development cycle is to identify components of the project. Projects may be identified both internally and externally: Internal identification takes place when the energy manager identifies a package of energy saving opportunities during the day-to-day energy management activities, or from facility audits. External identification of energy savings can occur through systematic energy audits undertaken by a reputable energy auditor or energy service company. In screening projects, the following criteria should be used to rank-order project opportunities. Cost-effectiveness of energy savings of complete package of measures (Internal rate of return, net present value, cash flow, average payback) Sustainability of the savings over the life of the equipment. Ease of quantifying, monitoring, and verifying electricity and fuel savings. Availability of technology, and ease of adaptability of the technology to Indian conditions. Other environmental and social cost benefits (such as reduction in local pollutants, e.g. SOx) b) Initiation Initiating is the basic processes that should be performed to get the project started. This starting point is critical because those who will deliver the project, those who will use the Bureau of Energy Efficiency project, and those who will have a stake in the project need to reach an agreement on its initiation. Involving all stakeholders in the project phases generally improves the probability of satisfying customer requirements by shared ownership of the project by the stakeholders. The success of the project team depends upon starting with complete and accurate information, management support, and the authorization necessary to manage the project. The initiation stage should include a plan that encompasses the following areas: Analyzing the business needs/requirements in measurable goals Reviewing of the current operations Financial analysis of the costs and benefits including a budget Stakeholder analysis, including users, and support personnel for the project Project charter including costs, tasks, deliverables, and schedule c) Planning The planning phase is considered the most important phase in project management. Project planning defines project activities that will be performed; the products that will be produced, and describes how these activities will be accomplished and managed. Project planning defines each major task, estimates the time, resources and cost required, and provides a framework for management review and control. Planning involves identifying and documenting scope, tasks, schedules, cost, risk, quality, and staffing needs. The result of the project planning, the project plan, will be an approved, comprehensive document that allows a project team to begin and complete the work necessary to achieve the project goals and objectives. The project plan will address how the project team will manage the project elements. It will provide a high level of confidence in the organizations ability to meet the scope, timing, cost, and quality requirements by addressing all aspects of the project. Project planning generally consists of determining how to plan (e.g. by level of detail or rolling wave); developing the scope statement; selecting the planning team; identifying deliverables and creating the work breakdown structure; identifying the activities needed to complete those deliverables and networking the activities in their logical sequence; estimating the resource requirements for the activities; estimating time and cost for activities; developing the schedule; developing the budget; risk planning; gaining formal approval to begin work. Additional processes, such as planning for communications and for scope management, identifying roles and responsibilities, determining what to purchase for the project and holding a kick-off meeting are also generally advisable. For new product development projects, conceptual design of the operation of the final product may be performed concurrent with the project planning activities, and may help to inform the planning team when identifying deliverables and planning activities d) Executing Once a project moves into the execution phase, the project team and all necessary resources to carry out the project should be in place and ready to perform project activities. The project plan is completed and base lined by this time as well. The project team and the project managers focus now shifts from planning the project efforts to participating, observing, and analyzing the work being done. The execution phase is when the work activities of the project plan are executed, resulting in the completion of the project deliverables and achievement of the project objective(s). This phase brings together all of the project management disciplines, resulting in a product or service that will meet the project deliverable requirements and the customers need. During this phase, elements completed in the planning phase are implemented, time is expended, and money is spent. In short, it means coordinating and managing the project resources while executing the project plan, performing the planned project activities, and ensuring they are completed efficiently. e) Monitoring and Controlling Project Control function that involves comparing actual performance with planned performance and taking corrective action to get the desired outcome when there are significant differences. By monitoring and measuring progress regularly, identifying Bureau of Energy Efficiency variances from plan, and taking corrective action if required, project control ensures that project objectives are met. Monitoring and Controlling includes: Measuring the ongoing project activities (where we are); Monitoring the project variables (cost, effort, scope, etc.) against the project management plan and the project performance baseline (where we should be); Identify corrective actions to address issues and risks properly (How can we get on track again); Influencing the factors that could circumvent integrated change control so only approved changes are implemented In multi-phase projects,process also provides feedback between project phases, in order to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan. Project Maintenance is an ongoing process, and it includes: Continuing support of end users Correction of errors Updates of the software over time Monitoring and Controlling cycle In this stage, auditors should pay attention to how effectively and quickly user problems are resolved. Over the course of any construction project, the work scope may change. Change is a normal and expected part of the construction process. Changes can be the result of necessary design modifications, differing site conditions, material availability, contractor-requested changes, value engineering and impacts from third parties, to name a few. Beyond executing the change in the field, the change normally needs to be documented to show what was actually constructed. This is referred to as Change Management. Hence, the owner usually requires a final record to show all changes or, more specifically, any change that modifies the tangible portions of the finished work. The record is made on the contract documents usually, but not necessarily limited to, the design drawings. The end product of this effort is what the industry terms as-built drawings, or more simply, as built. The requirement for providing them is a norm in construction contracts. When changes are introduced to the project, the viability of the project has to be re-assessed. It is important not to lose sight of the initial goals and targets of the projects. When the changes accumulate, the forecasted result may not justify the original proposed investment in the project. f) Closing out Project closeout is performed after all defined project objectives have been met and the customer has formally accepted the projects deliverables and end product or, in some instances, when a project has been cancelled or terminated early. Although, project closeout is a routine process, it is an important one. By properly completing the project closeout, organizations can benefit from lessons learned and information compiled. The project closeout phase is comprised of contract closeout and administrative closure. This phase consists of: Project close: Finalize all activities across all of the process groups to formally close the project or a project phase Contract closure: Complete and settle each contract (including the resolution of any open items) and close each contract applicable to the project or project phase Project Management Knowledge Areas with the Related Processes Each of the nine knowledge areas contains the processes that need to be accomplished within its discipline in order to achieve an effective project management program. Each of these processes also falls into one of the five basic process groups, creating a matrix structure such that every process can be related to one knowledge area and one process group. Risk Management Software development projects represent an investment of resources by the projects sponsor, an investment that often yields little or no return. The Standish Groups Chaos Report 1994 states that fewer than 10% of software projects in large companies were successful. Medium sized companies do better with 16% of their software projects being successful, and small companies succeed on 28% of their software projects (Standish 1994). Given these statistics it is worthwhile to invest significant effort in Risk Management for software projects. Research at The Standish Group also indicates that smaller time frames, with delivery of software components early and often, will increase the success rate. (Standish 1994). Integration Management Extreme Programming offers nothing to help integrate the efforts of non-software developers. Unfortunately, some advocates of Extreme Programming suggest that the efforts of technical writers, database managers, and quality assurance specialist are not required. In reality, while Extreme Programming does not explicitly describe how to integrate the work of others, the practices do not preclude the ability to integrate with other efforts. Small Releases make Integration Management a more continuous process in contrast to processes that place deployment, documentation, and testing at the end of the schedule. Continuous Integration At a more tactical level, the Extreme Programming practice of Continuous Integration requires that the work of software developers be integrated on a daily basis. While this practice can cause additional overhead for individual developers, it allows the team to identify problems daily that would otherwise become undiscovered rework accumulating until all developers integrate their individual work products. Scope Management Time Management Ask most software development teams for a copy of their project plan and you will receive an activity list formatted as a Gantt chart. Many times these activity lists will describe several phases of activities such as Analysis, Design, Construction, and Testing. Areas of functionality will be broken out under these headings in order to assign them to specific programmers, but seldom are the assignments identified in the Gantt chart clearly traceable back to a Requirement or other specification documents. All too often, the missing item that would help a team improve their planning practices is a well-constructed Work Breakdown Structure. Extreme Programming focuses almost all of its planning efforts on building a thoughtful Work Breakdown Structure and its constituent Work Packages. Extreme Programming does not teach Work Breakdown Structures and Work Packages explicitly, however, careful study of the Story Cards used in Extreme Programming reveals that they are almost identical to Work Packages in their key attributes. Human Resources Management Often one of the most challenging aspects of project management is managing human resources. For software development projects in particular this includes the complex juggling of technical tasks between individual software developers who have different individual skills, effectively treating each developers assigned tasks as an independent subproject. This type of project plan often suffers from key resource bottlenecks and status meetings reduced to determining which individuals are falling furthest behind. Extreme Programming addresses this head-on by eliminating the dependency on individual developers. Work Packages are scheduled and authorized based on the needs of the business and the users not the needs of the software developers. All developers are cross-trained to work in all areas of the code base. Developers broaden their skills, and project managers stop worrying about keeping individual software developers for the entire duration of the project. The process maintains know ledge of the full code base in the team, not in individuals. Quality Management As programmers move from work authorization to work authorization, and often from one area of the code to another, it is easy to see that maintaining quality in the work product could be challenging. Extreme Programming requires a very disciplined design approach to allow freedom in assigning resources while maintaining high quality. Communications Management When a project manager mentions the need for improved communications on a project, software developers often immediately envision an increased number of meetings and documents. While formal meetings and written documents have their place in a communication plan there are many other tools for facilitation of communication between project participants. The Extreme Programming practices include several simple practices intended to enhance communications. Costs Management Often a Project Manager is evaluated on his or her ability to complete a project within budget. The costs include estimated cost, actual cost and variability. Contingency cost takes into account influence of weather, suppliers and design allowances. How the 80/20 Rule can help a project manager? The 80/20 Rule means that in anything a few (20 percent) are vital and many (80 percent) are trivial. Successful Project Managers know that 20 percent of the work (the first 10 percent and the last 10 percent) consumes 80 percent of your time and resources. The History of RAD Traditional lifecycles devised in the 1970s, and still widely used today, are based upon a structured step-by-step approach to developing systems. This rigid sequence of steps forces a user to sign-off after the completion of each specification before development can proceed to the next step. The requirements and design are then frozen and the system is coded, tested, and implemented. With such conventional methods, there is a long delay before the customer gets to see any results and the development process can take so long that the customers business could fundamentally change before the system is even ready for use. In response to these rigid, cascading, one-way steps of Stagewise or Waterfall Models of development, Barry Boehm, Chief SW Engineer at TRW, introduced his Spiral Model. The Spiral Model is a risk-driven, as opposed to code-driven, approach that uses process modeling rather than methodology phases. Through his model, Boehm first implemented software prototyping as a way of reducing risk. The development process of the Spiral Model separates the product into critical parts or levels while performing risk analyses, prototyping, and the same steps at each of these levels. Similarly, Tom Gilbs Evolutionary Life Cycle is based on an evolutionary prototyping rationale where the prototype is grown and refined into the final product. The work of Boehm and Gilb paved the way for the formulation of the methodology called Rapid Iterative Production Prototyping (RIPP) at DuPont in the mid-to-late 1980s. James Martin then extended the work done at DuPont and elsewhere into a larger, more formalized process, which has become known as Rapid Application Development (RAD). RAD compresses the step-by-step development of conventional methods into an iterative process. The RAD approach thus includes developing and refining the data models, process models, and prototype in parallel using an iterative process. User requirements are refined, a solution is designed, the solution is prototyped, the prototype is reviewed, user input is provided, and the process begins again. What is Agility? There is no Agility for Dummies. Agility isnt a silver bullet. You dont achieve it in five easy steps. So what is it? From one view agility characterized in two statements: Agility is the ability to both create and respond to change in order to profit in a turbulent business environment. Agility is the ability to balance flexibility and stability (Highsmith 2002). In an uncertain and turbulent world, success belongs to companies that have the capacity to create change, and maybe even chaos, for their competitors. Creating change disrupts competitors (and the entire market ecosystem); responding to change guards against competitive thrusts. Creating change requires innovation: developing new products, creating new sales channels, reducing product development time, customizing products for increasingly smaller market segments. In addition, your company must be able to respond quickly to both anticipated and unanticipated changes created by your competitors and customers. An example of a product development effort in which all the aspects of agility come into play is that of small, portable DNA analyzers. These instruments can be used for analyzing suspected bio-terror agents (e.g., anthrax), performing quick medical diagnoses, or undertaking environmental bacterial analysis. These instruments must be accurate, easy to use, and reliable under wide-ranging conditions, and their development depends on breakthroughs in nanotechnology, genome research, and micro-fluidics. Developing these leading-edge products requires blending flexibility and structure, exploring various new technologies, and creating change for competitors by reducing delivery time. These are not projects that can be managed by traditional, prescriptive project management methodologies. Some people mistakenly assume that agility connotes a lack of structure, but the absence of structure, or stability, generates chaos. Conversely, too much structure generates rigidity. Complexity theory tells us that innovation—creating something new in ways that we cant fully anticipate (an emergent result) occurs most readily at the balance point between chaos and order, between flexibility and stability. Scientists believe that emergence, the creation of novelty from agent interaction, happens most readily at this edge of chaos. The idea of enough structure, but not too much, drives agile managers to continually ask the question, How little structure can I get away with? Too much structure stifles creativity. Too little structure breeds inefficiency. This need to balance at the edge of chaos to foster innovation is one reason process-centric methodologies often fail. They push organizations into over-optimization at the expense of innovation. Agile organizations dont get lost in some gray middle ground; they understand which factors require stabilization and which ones encourage exploration. For example, in a high-change product development environment, rigorous configuration management stabilizes and facilitates flexibility just as a focus on technical excellence stabilizes the development effort. Overview and definitions The Agile Movement in software industry saw the light of day with the Agile Software Development Manifesto4 published by a group of software practitioners and consultants in 2001 (Beck et al. 2001; Cockburn 2002a). The focal values honored by the agilists are presented in the following: Individuals and interactions over processes and tools Working software over comprehensive documentation Customer collaboration over contract negotiation Responding to change over following a plan These central values that the agile community adheres to are: First, the agile movement emphasizes the relationship and communality of software developers and the human role reflected in the contracts, as opposed to institutionalized processes and development tools. In the existing agile practices, this manifests itself in close team relationships, close working environment arrangements, and other procedures boosting team spirit. Second, the vital objective of the software team is to continuously turn out tested working software. New releases are produced at frequent intervals, in some approaches even hourly or daily, but more usually bi-monthly or monthly. The developers are urged to keep the code simple, straightforward, and technically as advanced as possible, thus lessening the documentation burden to an appropriate level. Third, the relationship and cooperation between the developers and the clients is given the preference over strict contracts, although the importance of well drafted contracts does grow at the same pace as the size of the software project. The negotiation process itself should be seen as a means of achieving and maintaining a viable relationship. From a business point of view, agile development is focused on delivering business value immediately as the project starts, thus reducing the risks of non-fulfillment regarding the contract. Fourth, the development group, comprising both software developers and customer representatives, should be well-informed, competent and authorized to consider possible adjustment needs emerging during the development process life-cycle. This means that the participants are prepared to make changes and that also the existing contracts are formed with tools that support and allow these enhancements to be made. According to Highsmith and Cockburn (2001, p. 122), what is new about agile methods is not the practices they use, but their recognition of people as the primary drivers of project success, coupled with an intense focus on effectiveness and maneuverability. This yields a new combination of values and principles that define an agile world view. Boehm (2002) illustrates the spectrum of different planning methods with Figure 1, in which hackers are placed at one end and the so called inch-pebble ironbound contractual approach at the opposite end: Hawrysh and Ruprecht (2000) state that a single methodology can not work for the whole spectrum of different projects, but instead the project management should identify the specific nature of the project at hand and then select the bes Practices of Agile Methods in Project Management Practices of Agile Methods in Project Management Abstract This paper describes the practices of agile methods from the viewpoint of project management. The project management techniques are complex processes that require the understanding and coordination of several domains of knowledge. As more and more software projects engage Agile Methods, there are emerging patterns of success and failure. With growing adoption of Agile Methods, project managers increasingly need to understand the applicability to their projects and factors that drive key project performance characteristics. Agile Methods have advantages, especially in accommodating change due to volatile requirements. However, they also present concomitant risks with managing the many dependent pieces of work distributed across a large project. The paper is divided into four parts. In the first part an overview of the project management and its processes and knowledge areas discussed. after that the agile methods discussed following with a short history of RAD(We should mention that just three most used and famous methodologies are discussed). In the second part the project management approaches and a brief definition of each approach are given. In the third part we looked at the agile methodologies from project management areas view such as cost, time, quality and risk management and we compared agile methodologies and we explained their advantages and disadvantages. In the fourth part we discussed about combination of agile methodologies and their utilization in large and complex projects. And finally we propose our own idea about the future of project management in agile methods. Keywords Project Management, Rapid Development Methodologies, Agile Project Management, History of RAD, Project management approaches, Agile Performance Measurement, Investment and Risk, Agile Enterprise Framework, Agile Methodology Fit Introduction What is Project? A human activity that achieves a clear objective against a time scale A project is a one-shot, time-limited, goal-directed, major undertaking, requiring the commitment of varied skills and resources. A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. A project is temporary in that there is a defined start (the decision to proceed) and a defined end (the achievement of the goals and objectives). Ongoing business or maintenance operations are not projects. Energy conservation projects and process improvement efforts that result in better business processes or more efficient operations can be defined as projects. Projects usually include constraints and risks regarding cost, schedule or performance outcome. What is Project Management? Many have attempted to define project management. One example, Oisen,3 referencing views from the 1950s, may have been one of the early attempts. Project Management is the application of a collection of tools and techniques (such as the CPM and matrix organization) to direct the use of diverse resources toward the accomplishment of a unique, complex, one-time task within time, cost and quality constraints. Each task requires a particular mix of theses tools and techniques structured to fit the task environment and life cycle (from conception to completion) of the task. Notice in the definition are included some the success criteria, The Iron triangle. Those criteria for measuring success included in the description used by Oisen3 continue to be used to describe project management today. The British Standard for project management BS60794 1996 defined project management as: The planning, monitoring and control of all aspects of a project and the motivation of all those involved in it to achieve the project objectives on time and to the specified cost, quality and performance. The UK Association of project Management (APM) have produced a UK Body of Knowledge UK (BoK)5 which also provides a definition for project management as: The planning, organization, monitoring and control of all aspects of a project and the motivation of all involved to achieve the project objectives safely and within agreed time, cost and performance criteria. The project manager is the single point of responsibility for achieving this. Other definitions have been offered, Reiss6 suggests a project is a human activity that achieves a clear objective against a time scale, and to achieve this while pointing out that a simple description is not possible, suggests project management is a combination of management and planning and the management of change. Locks7 view was that project management had evolved in order to plan, co-ordinate and control the complex and diverse activities of modern industrial and commercial projects, while Burke8 considers project management to be a specialized management technique, to plan and control projects under a strong single point of responsibility. While some different suggestions about what is project management have been made, the criteria for success, namely cost, time and quality remain and are included in the actual description. Could this mean that the example given to define project management Oisen3 was either correct, or as a discipline, project management has not really changed or developed the success measurement criteria in almost 50 years. Project management is a learning profession. Based upon past mistakes and believed best practice, standards such as BS 60794 and the UK Body of Knowledge5 continue to be developed. But defining project management is difficult, Wirth,9 indicated the differences in content between six countries own versions of BoKs. Turner10 provided a consolidated matrix to help understand and moderate different attempts to describe project management, including the assessment. Turner10 further suggested that project management could be described as: the art and science of converting vision into reality. Note the criteria against which project management is measured is not included in that description. Is there a paradox however in even attempting to define project management? Can a subject which deals with a unique, one-off complex task as suggested as early as Oisen3 be defined? Perhaps project management is simply an evolving phenomena, which will remain vague enough to be non-definable, a flexible attribute which could be a strength. The significant point is that while the factors have developed and been adopted, changes to the success criteria have been suggested but remain unchanged. Could the link be, that project management continues to fail because, included in the definition are a limited set of criteria for measuring success, cost, time and quality, which even if these criteria are achieved simply demonstrate the chance of matching two best guesses and a phenomena correctly. Prior to some undergraduate lectures and workshops about project management, the students were asked to locate some secondary literature describing project management and produce their own definition. While there were some innovative ideas, the overriding responses included the success criteria of cost, time and quality within the definition. If this is the perception about project management we wish those about to work in the profession to have, the rhetoric over the years has worked. Has this ho wever been the problem to realizing more successful projects? To date, project management has had the success criteria focused upon the delivery stage, up to implementation. Reinforced by the very description we have continued to use to define the profession. The focus has been to judge whether the project was done right. Doing something right may result in a project which was implemented on time, within cost and to some quality parameters requested, but which is not used by the customers, not liked by the sponsors and does not seem to provide either improved effectiveness or efficiency for the organization, is this successful project management? Project Management Life Cycle The process flow of Project management processes is shown below. The various elements of project management life cycle are Need identification Initiation Planning Executing Controlling Closing out a) Need Identification The first step in the project development cycle is to identify components of the project. Projects may be identified both internally and externally: Internal identification takes place when the energy manager identifies a package of energy saving opportunities during the day-to-day energy management activities, or from facility audits. External identification of energy savings can occur through systematic energy audits undertaken by a reputable energy auditor or energy service company. In screening projects, the following criteria should be used to rank-order project opportunities. Cost-effectiveness of energy savings of complete package of measures (Internal rate of return, net present value, cash flow, average payback) Sustainability of the savings over the life of the equipment. Ease of quantifying, monitoring, and verifying electricity and fuel savings. Availability of technology, and ease of adaptability of the technology to Indian conditions. Other environmental and social cost benefits (such as reduction in local pollutants, e.g. SOx) b) Initiation Initiating is the basic processes that should be performed to get the project started. This starting point is critical because those who will deliver the project, those who will use the Bureau of Energy Efficiency project, and those who will have a stake in the project need to reach an agreement on its initiation. Involving all stakeholders in the project phases generally improves the probability of satisfying customer requirements by shared ownership of the project by the stakeholders. The success of the project team depends upon starting with complete and accurate information, management support, and the authorization necessary to manage the project. The initiation stage should include a plan that encompasses the following areas: Analyzing the business needs/requirements in measurable goals Reviewing of the current operations Financial analysis of the costs and benefits including a budget Stakeholder analysis, including users, and support personnel for the project Project charter including costs, tasks, deliverables, and schedule c) Planning The planning phase is considered the most important phase in project management. Project planning defines project activities that will be performed; the products that will be produced, and describes how these activities will be accomplished and managed. Project planning defines each major task, estimates the time, resources and cost required, and provides a framework for management review and control. Planning involves identifying and documenting scope, tasks, schedules, cost, risk, quality, and staffing needs. The result of the project planning, the project plan, will be an approved, comprehensive document that allows a project team to begin and complete the work necessary to achieve the project goals and objectives. The project plan will address how the project team will manage the project elements. It will provide a high level of confidence in the organizations ability to meet the scope, timing, cost, and quality requirements by addressing all aspects of the project. Project planning generally consists of determining how to plan (e.g. by level of detail or rolling wave); developing the scope statement; selecting the planning team; identifying deliverables and creating the work breakdown structure; identifying the activities needed to complete those deliverables and networking the activities in their logical sequence; estimating the resource requirements for the activities; estimating time and cost for activities; developing the schedule; developing the budget; risk planning; gaining formal approval to begin work. Additional processes, such as planning for communications and for scope management, identifying roles and responsibilities, determining what to purchase for the project and holding a kick-off meeting are also generally advisable. For new product development projects, conceptual design of the operation of the final product may be performed concurrent with the project planning activities, and may help to inform the planning team when identifying deliverables and planning activities d) Executing Once a project moves into the execution phase, the project team and all necessary resources to carry out the project should be in place and ready to perform project activities. The project plan is completed and base lined by this time as well. The project team and the project managers focus now shifts from planning the project efforts to participating, observing, and analyzing the work being done. The execution phase is when the work activities of the project plan are executed, resulting in the completion of the project deliverables and achievement of the project objective(s). This phase brings together all of the project management disciplines, resulting in a product or service that will meet the project deliverable requirements and the customers need. During this phase, elements completed in the planning phase are implemented, time is expended, and money is spent. In short, it means coordinating and managing the project resources while executing the project plan, performing the planned project activities, and ensuring they are completed efficiently. e) Monitoring and Controlling Project Control function that involves comparing actual performance with planned performance and taking corrective action to get the desired outcome when there are significant differences. By monitoring and measuring progress regularly, identifying Bureau of Energy Efficiency variances from plan, and taking corrective action if required, project control ensures that project objectives are met. Monitoring and Controlling includes: Measuring the ongoing project activities (where we are); Monitoring the project variables (cost, effort, scope, etc.) against the project management plan and the project performance baseline (where we should be); Identify corrective actions to address issues and risks properly (How can we get on track again); Influencing the factors that could circumvent integrated change control so only approved changes are implemented In multi-phase projects,process also provides feedback between project phases, in order to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan. Project Maintenance is an ongoing process, and it includes: Continuing support of end users Correction of errors Updates of the software over time Monitoring and Controlling cycle In this stage, auditors should pay attention to how effectively and quickly user problems are resolved. Over the course of any construction project, the work scope may change. Change is a normal and expected part of the construction process. Changes can be the result of necessary design modifications, differing site conditions, material availability, contractor-requested changes, value engineering and impacts from third parties, to name a few. Beyond executing the change in the field, the change normally needs to be documented to show what was actually constructed. This is referred to as Change Management. Hence, the owner usually requires a final record to show all changes or, more specifically, any change that modifies the tangible portions of the finished work. The record is made on the contract documents usually, but not necessarily limited to, the design drawings. The end product of this effort is what the industry terms as-built drawings, or more simply, as built. The requirement for providing them is a norm in construction contracts. When changes are introduced to the project, the viability of the project has to be re-assessed. It is important not to lose sight of the initial goals and targets of the projects. When the changes accumulate, the forecasted result may not justify the original proposed investment in the project. f) Closing out Project closeout is performed after all defined project objectives have been met and the customer has formally accepted the projects deliverables and end product or, in some instances, when a project has been cancelled or terminated early. Although, project closeout is a routine process, it is an important one. By properly completing the project closeout, organizations can benefit from lessons learned and information compiled. The project closeout phase is comprised of contract closeout and administrative closure. This phase consists of: Project close: Finalize all activities across all of the process groups to formally close the project or a project phase Contract closure: Complete and settle each contract (including the resolution of any open items) and close each contract applicable to the project or project phase Project Management Knowledge Areas with the Related Processes Each of the nine knowledge areas contains the processes that need to be accomplished within its discipline in order to achieve an effective project management program. Each of these processes also falls into one of the five basic process groups, creating a matrix structure such that every process can be related to one knowledge area and one process group. Risk Management Software development projects represent an investment of resources by the projects sponsor, an investment that often yields little or no return. The Standish Groups Chaos Report 1994 states that fewer than 10% of software projects in large companies were successful. Medium sized companies do better with 16% of their software projects being successful, and small companies succeed on 28% of their software projects (Standish 1994). Given these statistics it is worthwhile to invest significant effort in Risk Management for software projects. Research at The Standish Group also indicates that smaller time frames, with delivery of software components early and often, will increase the success rate. (Standish 1994). Integration Management Extreme Programming offers nothing to help integrate the efforts of non-software developers. Unfortunately, some advocates of Extreme Programming suggest that the efforts of technical writers, database managers, and quality assurance specialist are not required. In reality, while Extreme Programming does not explicitly describe how to integrate the work of others, the practices do not preclude the ability to integrate with other efforts. Small Releases make Integration Management a more continuous process in contrast to processes that place deployment, documentation, and testing at the end of the schedule. Continuous Integration At a more tactical level, the Extreme Programming practice of Continuous Integration requires that the work of software developers be integrated on a daily basis. While this practice can cause additional overhead for individual developers, it allows the team to identify problems daily that would otherwise become undiscovered rework accumulating until all developers integrate their individual work products. Scope Management Time Management Ask most software development teams for a copy of their project plan and you will receive an activity list formatted as a Gantt chart. Many times these activity lists will describe several phases of activities such as Analysis, Design, Construction, and Testing. Areas of functionality will be broken out under these headings in order to assign them to specific programmers, but seldom are the assignments identified in the Gantt chart clearly traceable back to a Requirement or other specification documents. All too often, the missing item that would help a team improve their planning practices is a well-constructed Work Breakdown Structure. Extreme Programming focuses almost all of its planning efforts on building a thoughtful Work Breakdown Structure and its constituent Work Packages. Extreme Programming does not teach Work Breakdown Structures and Work Packages explicitly, however, careful study of the Story Cards used in Extreme Programming reveals that they are almost identical to Work Packages in their key attributes. Human Resources Management Often one of the most challenging aspects of project management is managing human resources. For software development projects in particular this includes the complex juggling of technical tasks between individual software developers who have different individual skills, effectively treating each developers assigned tasks as an independent subproject. This type of project plan often suffers from key resource bottlenecks and status meetings reduced to determining which individuals are falling furthest behind. Extreme Programming addresses this head-on by eliminating the dependency on individual developers. Work Packages are scheduled and authorized based on the needs of the business and the users not the needs of the software developers. All developers are cross-trained to work in all areas of the code base. Developers broaden their skills, and project managers stop worrying about keeping individual software developers for the entire duration of the project. The process maintains know ledge of the full code base in the team, not in individuals. Quality Management As programmers move from work authorization to work authorization, and often from one area of the code to another, it is easy to see that maintaining quality in the work product could be challenging. Extreme Programming requires a very disciplined design approach to allow freedom in assigning resources while maintaining high quality. Communications Management When a project manager mentions the need for improved communications on a project, software developers often immediately envision an increased number of meetings and documents. While formal meetings and written documents have their place in a communication plan there are many other tools for facilitation of communication between project participants. The Extreme Programming practices include several simple practices intended to enhance communications. Costs Management Often a Project Manager is evaluated on his or her ability to complete a project within budget. The costs include estimated cost, actual cost and variability. Contingency cost takes into account influence of weather, suppliers and design allowances. How the 80/20 Rule can help a project manager? The 80/20 Rule means that in anything a few (20 percent) are vital and many (80 percent) are trivial. Successful Project Managers know that 20 percent of the work (the first 10 percent and the last 10 percent) consumes 80 percent of your time and resources. The History of RAD Traditional lifecycles devised in the 1970s, and still widely used today, are based upon a structured step-by-step approach to developing systems. This rigid sequence of steps forces a user to sign-off after the completion of each specification before development can proceed to the next step. The requirements and design are then frozen and the system is coded, tested, and implemented. With such conventional methods, there is a long delay before the customer gets to see any results and the development process can take so long that the customers business could fundamentally change before the system is even ready for use. In response to these rigid, cascading, one-way steps of Stagewise or Waterfall Models of development, Barry Boehm, Chief SW Engineer at TRW, introduced his Spiral Model. The Spiral Model is a risk-driven, as opposed to code-driven, approach that uses process modeling rather than methodology phases. Through his model, Boehm first implemented software prototyping as a way of reducing risk. The development process of the Spiral Model separates the product into critical parts or levels while performing risk analyses, prototyping, and the same steps at each of these levels. Similarly, Tom Gilbs Evolutionary Life Cycle is based on an evolutionary prototyping rationale where the prototype is grown and refined into the final product. The work of Boehm and Gilb paved the way for the formulation of the methodology called Rapid Iterative Production Prototyping (RIPP) at DuPont in the mid-to-late 1980s. James Martin then extended the work done at DuPont and elsewhere into a larger, more formalized process, which has become known as Rapid Application Development (RAD). RAD compresses the step-by-step development of conventional methods into an iterative process. The RAD approach thus includes developing and refining the data models, process models, and prototype in parallel using an iterative process. User requirements are refined, a solution is designed, the solution is prototyped, the prototype is reviewed, user input is provided, and the process begins again. What is Agility? There is no Agility for Dummies. Agility isnt a silver bullet. You dont achieve it in five easy steps. So what is it? From one view agility characterized in two statements: Agility is the ability to both create and respond to change in order to profit in a turbulent business environment. Agility is the ability to balance flexibility and stability (Highsmith 2002). In an uncertain and turbulent world, success belongs to companies that have the capacity to create change, and maybe even chaos, for their competitors. Creating change disrupts competitors (and the entire market ecosystem); responding to change guards against competitive thrusts. Creating change requires innovation: developing new products, creating new sales channels, reducing product development time, customizing products for increasingly smaller market segments. In addition, your company must be able to respond quickly to both anticipated and unanticipated changes created by your competitors and customers. An example of a product development effort in which all the aspects of agility come into play is that of small, portable DNA analyzers. These instruments can be used for analyzing suspected bio-terror agents (e.g., anthrax), performing quick medical diagnoses, or undertaking environmental bacterial analysis. These instruments must be accurate, easy to use, and reliable under wide-ranging conditions, and their development depends on breakthroughs in nanotechnology, genome research, and micro-fluidics. Developing these leading-edge products requires blending flexibility and structure, exploring various new technologies, and creating change for competitors by reducing delivery time. These are not projects that can be managed by traditional, prescriptive project management methodologies. Some people mistakenly assume that agility connotes a lack of structure, but the absence of structure, or stability, generates chaos. Conversely, too much structure generates rigidity. Complexity theory tells us that innovation—creating something new in ways that we cant fully anticipate (an emergent result) occurs most readily at the balance point between chaos and order, between flexibility and stability. Scientists believe that emergence, the creation of novelty from agent interaction, happens most readily at this edge of chaos. The idea of enough structure, but not too much, drives agile managers to continually ask the question, How little structure can I get away with? Too much structure stifles creativity. Too little structure breeds inefficiency. This need to balance at the edge of chaos to foster innovation is one reason process-centric methodologies often fail. They push organizations into over-optimization at the expense of innovation. Agile organizations dont get lost in some gray middle ground; they understand which factors require stabilization and which ones encourage exploration. For example, in a high-change product development environment, rigorous configuration management stabilizes and facilitates flexibility just as a focus on technical excellence stabilizes the development effort. Overview and definitions The Agile Movement in software industry saw the light of day with the Agile Software Development Manifesto4 published by a group of software practitioners and consultants in 2001 (Beck et al. 2001; Cockburn 2002a). The focal values honored by the agilists are presented in the following: Individuals and interactions over processes and tools Working software over comprehensive documentation Customer collaboration over contract negotiation Responding to change over following a plan These central values that the agile community adheres to are: First, the agile movement emphasizes the relationship and communality of software developers and the human role reflected in the contracts, as opposed to institutionalized processes and development tools. In the existing agile practices, this manifests itself in close team relationships, close working environment arrangements, and other procedures boosting team spirit. Second, the vital objective of the software team is to continuously turn out tested working software. New releases are produced at frequent intervals, in some approaches even hourly or daily, but more usually bi-monthly or monthly. The developers are urged to keep the code simple, straightforward, and technically as advanced as possible, thus lessening the documentation burden to an appropriate level. Third, the relationship and cooperation between the developers and the clients is given the preference over strict contracts, although the importance of well drafted contracts does grow at the same pace as the size of the software project. The negotiation process itself should be seen as a means of achieving and maintaining a viable relationship. From a business point of view, agile development is focused on delivering business value immediately as the project starts, thus reducing the risks of non-fulfillment regarding the contract. Fourth, the development group, comprising both software developers and customer representatives, should be well-informed, competent and authorized to consider possible adjustment needs emerging during the development process life-cycle. This means that the participants are prepared to make changes and that also the existing contracts are formed with tools that support and allow these enhancements to be made. According to Highsmith and Cockburn (2001, p. 122), what is new about agile methods is not the practices they use, but their recognition of people as the primary drivers of project success, coupled with an intense focus on effectiveness and maneuverability. This yields a new combination of values and principles that define an agile world view. Boehm (2002) illustrates the spectrum of different planning methods with Figure 1, in which hackers are placed at one end and the so called inch-pebble ironbound contractual approach at the opposite end: Hawrysh and Ruprecht (2000) state that a single methodology can not work for the whole spectrum of different projects, but instead the project management should identify the specific nature of the project at hand and then select the bes